Critical Summary Writing for Virtual Communities Assignment

Critical Summary Writing for Virtual Communities - Assignment Example Online discussion of whatever topic engages people and makes the virtual community interesting that engages people because a wealth of economies for knowledge are shared where everybody benefits from it of which an effective host is able to create the suitable environment for such engagement to flourish. This may not be easy to do but showing genuine interest for online community members and establishing rules early on helps create a positive online environment. The absence of physical contact makes online community vulnerable to misunderstanding and conflict. It is expected that the host will be challenged by the community members in the early stage of the online community. It would be better if the host will delay emotional response when challenged by members of the online community. It would also help not to say anything and bend over backward to become civil when challenged. If the host must respond, it would be safer to send a private message to the party concerned. One must remember that an ounce of elegance and grace is worth ten pounds of argument. Averting possible conflict in the online community ensures the positive atmosphere where members are engaged Hosting a virtual community or social media is just like organizing a physical community. One must be a good host to facilitate group activity that keeps everyone interested. Just like physical community, there are also pitfalls that could spark misunderstanding of which a good host must avoid. Emotional restraint is a good quality of an online host to avoid conflict. once these environment is created, the online community will become a self-sustaining group and will

Importance Of Social Spaces In Urban Spaces

Importance Of Social Spaces In Urban Spaces Since the early days people have lived in groups and survived through good and bad days. The communities form by humans has led to the development and enrichment of this world both technologically and habitually. It is the very human need the human interaction; this was the one most basic principal in development of architecture but the new age because of privacy needs and technology (internet) has grown people apart from each other rather than bring them together. The growing capitalist economy demands more of living space than of social space. This has led to poor quality of life standards and increase in crime and decrease in healthy life style. These days many professionals like architects, city planners and sociologist are researching how people live in more densely populated areas. How this has affected the social life of the residents and led the shrinking of social spaces. This paper will discuss the merits and demerits of the contemporary urban development, various effect of social space on communities. How this has led to increase in crime rates and decrease in productivity health and how this situation can be resolved. Key words :Social space , Public space, urban space, urban planning Outline: Introduction: sociology of human communities and their habitat Cause and effects of contemporary urban development The possible solutions and hypothesis of solutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Introduction Growth is inevitable and desirable, but destruction of community character is not. The question is not whether your part of the world is going to change. The question is how. (Edward T. McMahon) Change Life! Change Society! These precepts mean nothing without the production of an appropriate space (Henri Lefebvre) By 2080 it is predicted that 80% of the human population will move to the cities and urban areas with highest concentrations in Asia and Africa. More people habitat now in urban spaces than in rural spaces ever before. This shows that the level of growth never has been this great and it is still growing. The comparative recent rise and progress of metropolises internationally has caused an increase of the significance of city planning. Urban developments are vibrant and diverse all over the globe. This necessitates an in-depth exploration and approaches to director expansions in the correct direction. New approaches and techniques to secure the extended sustainability of regions are being developed nowadays. Along with these swift expansions come numerous urban complications, like isolation, transportation congestion, contamination and deprivation of the atmosphere. In the international discussion about urban planning, approaches to develop metropolises in the future are expected to alterations. This is because a relatively new term has appeared among designers and planners: sustainable development. Various kinds of professions and practices go into generating public spaces that bring wellbeing and fortune to metropolises and societies. The skill of planning and designing for eminence and vitality in communal places rests in the equilibrium of societies, residence, essence and tradition. Public spaces must be more than safe and manageable; moreover they need to have sense and importance for people, to be used more fully and with better gratitude. Space, however is limited in this metropolitan where the topographical landscape limit possibilities to a definite range. Nevertheless, urban planners and designers have to find the best setting and try to discover a sustainable and long term solutions or ways which is best for the town and its present and prospect inhabitants. In some circumstances they come up with astonishing results and in some not that great. Urban renewal has been associated with urban expansion since the initial social settlement, and was given emphasis after the World War 2. Numerous periods knowledge and billions of moneys forced the judgment givers to comprehend the significance of urban appearance, value of life, and urban setting, which were accepted as fundamentals and facilitators for the economic advancement of metropolises, urban revival projects are created as symbol of the metropolitan and to offer space for occupants, and have been shown to be operational for cities rejuvenation by many countries. This paper examines this merits and demerits of urban development in general. With the growth and development of cities and metropolises around the world, urban planners and architects always keen on areas for impending advancements. Whether regeneration of old fragments of the city or emerging new areas out skirts of the current city limits, prospects are always open.. The study and material is largely based on literature. This paper adopts an extensive understanding of urban planning as the development of making better spaces for societies than would otherwise be created. How can urban planning contribute to the formation of miscellaneous public spaces that increase or improve value and quality to urban socio- economic life? What does a definition of diverse public spaces include? In what ways can public spaces enhance value and quality in urban life? How can urban planning make a positive contribution to creating public spaces? Does urban planning have a negative effect in some cases? Public /Social Spaces The measure of any great civilization is its cities and a measure of a citys greatness is to be found in the quality of its public spaces, its parks and squares. (John Ruskin) Public space is the juncture upon which the expression of public life develops. The paths, squares and gardens of a metropolitan give a form to the sanctuary and movement of social exchange. These vibrant spaces are a vital counterpart to the other established spaces and levies of work and family life, providing the networks for movement, nodes for communication and common grounds for play and relaxation (Carr, Francis, Rivlin, and Stone, 1992). There are number of definition on urban public place or space and its correlation (Wang, 2002). The description of public space and open space in the perspective of urban area provided by different institutes, is as the space which occurs among structures in urban space, which can be accessible freely by communal societies the space should be the room for urban inhabitants to meet and dialogue with other individuals, and for residence to stay in more natural atmosphere. It is also the representation of urban appearance the landscape, thus bei ng called as the breathing room or as the open window of the city. It is multifunctional place in urban space, which could be middle of governmental, monetary, or traditional events. Communal urban space is lively and all full of energy, which is vital for the ecological expansion of the city. Public spaces are shaped by at least two diverse processes; some have evolved naturally through assumption, by frequent use in a specific way, or by the concentration of societies because of an allure or an attraction say may be like a cafà © or very old tree where people wish for something etc. Both of these results in a space that accommodates societies for explicit reasons and it becomes a location that people depend on on as a place to encounter other people. These events might happen on a street junction, on some stairs in front of a structure, or on an undeveloped proportion in a area (Carr et al., 1992). Great communal places are the living area of the metropolitan the place where ind ividuals come together to appreciate the urban area and other individuals. Public spaces add value and increase the quality of life. Public spaces vary from plazas to squares, to small and big, local neighborhood parks or pounds. The combination of exquisite architecture with unique public spaces creates the most gorgeous places to live in places where one can express the joy and relish the nature and manmade structures Another way that public space gets created is by planning, which have diverse roots, though the purpose they serve may be parallel to unplanned or developing spaces. Planned spaces commonly transpire from the offices of urban planners, designers and landscape architects, who may be appointed by community or by private clienteles. Such public or open spaces may be the outcome of the arranging of an urban space the thoughtful or unplanned consequences of building accommodation, workplaces or communal structures. A district or neighborhood may be structured around a square, or the space around a monumental erection /structure may be intended as a public place with other edifices arranged around, or a space may be the surplus outcome of obstruction in a zoning regulation (Carr et al., 1993). The significance of social space has been recognized worldwide, primarily from the perception in refining quality of life through contented atmosphere and plentiful public life; improving urban appearance through urban vagueness; and compelling commercial development through investment which is appealed by the good appearance. The prominence of public space in building a pleasant atmosphere for human beings for work, resides, and relaxes. According to the Athens Charter in 1943 citys most noticeable public spaces are often illustrative of the metropolitan itself and imitate how its inhabitants relate to the town and to each other. Darin-Drabkin (1977) claimed that a decent living setting needs public spaces. Prominent designers and city planners have often reasoned that the quality of a metropoliss social spaces has much to do with how a district /town/ city prospers or fails as a place to habitat or do trade (Bacon, 1976). A numerous researchers and urban planners indicate that publ ic spaces can serve people to be content, to state and defend human rights and morals, and to express distinctive cultural values. Societies can learn new things and learn from others through public life (Carr and Lynch, 1968; Ward, 1978). No matter what technical innovations are taking place, human beings have not changed (Gehl 1980).They still need the casual contact with other human beings that used to be built into daily life. Public spaces can afford opportunities for such casual encounters in the course of daily life that can bind people together and give their lives meaning and power. Public spaces not only can serve daily needs but also can be places to gather for special occasions. City/Urban Planning Towns and cities are not God-given or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾naturalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. They are the result of centuries of decision-making by individual owners and developers, and of government intervention. Whilst topography and geography do play a part, they do not absolutely determine development. The nature of towns and cities, to a considerable extent, is dependent on who shouts the loudest, and who has the greatest influence over policy. Clara Greed, 1996

To What Extent Did D.C. Stephenson Affect the Fall of the Ku Klux Klan

A. Plan of Investigation The focus of this investigation was to understand and determine to what extent D.C. Stephenson affected the fall of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s. During the 1920s the Klan had an all time high of membership across the United States and was a large part of American society. The Klan was prevalent in everyday society and in politics, and was a positive presence for many Americans. However, the Klan was pushed into a negative light due to Stephenson kidnapping and raping Madge Oberholtzer. Membership in the Klan dropped shortly after, and many blame Stephenson. In order to decide whether or not Stephenson was responsible, the Klan was examined during Stephenson’s involvement, and the aftermath of his involvement. D.C. Stephenson was also examined to better understand how he could have changed the course of the KKK. Sources that discussed the Klan and Stephenson were looked at, like They Called Themselves the KKK, and. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana. Those sour ces, among others, helped give a better understanding of D.C. Stephenson and how he affected the KKK. B. Summary of Evidence The Ku Klux Klan began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 (Martin). It started out as a group of men creating a social club, mainly for confederate soldiers who had fought in the war. Its name is derived from kuklos, meaning circle of friends (Martin). It was a secret society with rules and codes, and men were given special titles (Bartoletti,25). The nature of the Klan was not originally to be destructive, but as it began to grow and more white men and confederate soldiers joined, the purpose changed. Tension grew across the country as Reconstruction went under way and white southerners were unhappy. The Kl... ...." Dying Declaration of Madge Oberholtzer. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. "Ku Klux Klan." Civil Rights in the United States. Ed. Waldo E. Martin, Jr. and Patricia Sullivan. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2000. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. "Ku Klux Klan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. Lutholtz, M. William. Grand Dragon: D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue UP, 1991. Print. MacLean, Nancy. Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Print. McDonnell, Janet, Ann Angel, and Carolyn Kott. Washburne. America in the 20th Century. North Bellmore, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 1995. Print. Moore, Leonard Joseph. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina, 1991. Print.

Suicide in the Trenches- Analysis

Suicide In The Trenches In my analysis, I will demonstrate how Siegfred Sassoon has used many different language techniques to show his perspective on the true meaning of war. For example, the poet has used simplistic diction that creates an image of the destruction of a â€Å"simple soldier boy†. At first we see him whistling, this then degrades to depression which lead him to committing suicide. Siegfred Sassoon concludes his poem with anger and a powerful message. â€Å"Sneak home and pray you’ll never know† emphasizes that those who aren’t soldiers have to â€Å"sneak home and pray† to show their empathy for the soldiers.In the last line it implies the fact that the crowd doesn’t have to go through â€Å"the hell where youth and laughter go†. Sassoon had used a simple rhyme scheme of A-A-B-B to create a ‘joyful’ melody in the readers mind. The rhyme scheme makes the poem sound very light hearted when it is actually a v ery sad topic. It is quoted in â€Å"I knew a simple soldier boy Who grinned at life in empty joy† the sound ‘oy’ sounds very content which creates an irony throughout the whole poem. It makes an impact on the reader since it would sound like a nursery rhyme.It sets up the paradox of ‘nursery rhyme’ but ending with ‘death’. In the first stanza Siegfred Sassoon has made a very innocuous opening with â€Å"I knew a simple soldier boy†. As you read more, it reveals the evolution of the cost of war. In the first stanza the young soldier immediately loses the innocence of youth. The poet has used simple words to create an impact to the reader. Such as â€Å"simple† has connotations with innocence which establishes the soldier is still a young boy and not a man.In the 3rd line of the first stanza Sassoon quoted â€Å"slept soundly†. The usage of sibilance creates a harsh and bitter tone throughout the stanza. Also, it add an importance on the phrase â€Å"slept soundly†. People who can sleep soundly are the people who have nothing to worry about before they go the bed. This highlights how the boy was so innocent at the start of his experience in war. This is also linked with the word â€Å"whistled† (4th line, 1st paragraph), which is an action done when only someone is content and oblivious.At the end of the first stanza, Siegfred Sassoon had hinted by writing â€Å"lark†. Larks were found in the countryside that might mean the â€Å"simple soldier boy† was from there. News and propaganda weren’t available in the countryside. Before leaving for the war the young soldier boy did not know the reality of a soldier’s life. The delicate â€Å"lark† is the opposite of the true reality of a soldier’s life. The second stanza contrasts with the first stanza it shows how war has shaped this young boy. This is shown in â€Å"in winter trenches, cowed and glum†.The line â€Å"grinned at life† relates to â€Å"cowed and glum† as it suggest the inner changes in his maturity which leads him on to committing suicide. This links on to â€Å"lack of rum† that shouts imagery. This establishes the scenario that the boy is going through alcoholism. One of the symptoms of alcoholism is depression. Additionally, rum was usually given to troops before an attack to steady the nerves, increase confidence and numb feeling. Therefore this could inform the reader that the young soldier boy’s solution for life is death.The tone that the poet wanted to emphasise is a very bitter and sarcastic as we can see in the last stanza â€Å"You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye†. From this quote Sassoon strongly feels the general public is not able to empathise for the devoted soldiers. This brings out the theme that nobody knows how tragic war feels like without personal experience. The quote also shows how much anger Sassoon had towards the whole concept of war. â€Å"You smug-faced crowd† is represented as an insult to the higher status men during the period of war.The trenches had apparently turned a young light-hearted boy into a disheartened boy who had â€Å"put a bullet through his brain†. The alliteration of the letter ‘b’ also makes a severe and brute tone that creates a very bitter mood, mainly because the highpoint of the story is about the suicide. the rhyme of â€Å"brain† and â€Å"again† at line eight tries to form a connection that although a young boy was convinced to join the war and fought tremendously for his country and himself. However, in the end, he was pushed to his limit and â€Å"no one spoke of him again†. This shows how cruel and selfish war is.The boy had sacrificed his childhood fun, laughter and playful life in for nothing to return. This is effective because it makes the reader think about ‘why is there warâ⠂¬â„¢ and ‘why are there innocent lives at risk’ which creates the bitter mood. The diction used in the poem sends the reader a clear message about war. In the last stanza, the word â€Å"kindling† is being used to describe the â€Å"eyes† of the â€Å"smug-faced crowds†. â€Å"Kindling† is used to describe the facial description which shows that it is a very shallow expression feature that expresses the lack of empathy shown to the young men.However, Siegfried tries to show with a sarcastic tone that they think war is a glorious thing; they feel proud of the children risking their lives with nothing in return and seem to understand and appreciate what they are doing. But in reality the public cannot imagine what these children are going through. This is how the word â€Å"kindling† reveals a shallow side of everyone’s personality. In my personal opinion, the last stanza is the strongest and most impactful stanza. While the prev ious two stanzas shows the transformation of the boy when he enters war.The last stanza directly attacks people who support war, and only see the glory and honour. The poet shows us the other side: the dying and suffering. â€Å"Sneak home and pray you’ll never know† shows that while the â€Å"crowds† support war, they are not willing or are too afraid to think of the consequences, sacrifice and price of war. A price that separates families and destroys children. The poet uses an extreme example to illustrate his point of view. The poet was successful as it has left me thinking about the hardship that a soldier endures and the true cost of war.

Case Study: An Overpopulated Country – Bangladesh

Tourism management mainly aims to reduce negative impacts of tourism, so as to achieve a more sustainable form of tourism. Sustainability in this context refers to the ability to develop and operate tourism in a way that both satisfies current needs and assure future viability of the industry. It has been recognised that for sustainable tourism to be viable, efforts need to be made by both public sector and the private sector. Depending on merely market forces will not achieve sustainability. The public sector, or mainly the government, can lay out laws and legislation, conduct research, as well as provide funds and expertise to aid sustainable tourism development and management, while the private sector can aid research in achieving sustainability, donate to funds and adopt sustainability into their tourism operations. The government can initiate sustainable tourism management. Negative impacts are felt by people involved in tourism, but most of the time, no actions were taken to remedy this problem. The public sector is often needed to initiate sustainable tourism management. For example, since 1997, the Pattaya Rehabilitation Project, initiated by government authorities and community leaders, has been ongoing to reduce the severity of problems in Pattaya. Also, Zimbabwe initiated the CAMPFIRE program which aided ecotourism development in many communities. One problem faced in achieving sustainability is the availability of funds. It is often hard to gain financial support from the private sector when their motives are profit-based. The government can implement taxes on tourism to finance tourism management. You can read also Costco Case Study For example, a US$90 tax on travellers entering the Seychelles. The revenue from this tax is used in environmental preservation and facilities improvements. Also, the government can provide expertise on sustainable tourism management to the tourism industry. A good knowledge of sustainability is seen to be required in order to plan an effective sustainable tourism strategy. For example, Zimbabwe initiated the CAMPFIRE program to provide knowledge and expertise to the rural communities in developing eco-tourism in their area. Moreover, the government can implement laws and regulation for preservation and conservation. Many countries have established protect areas such as wildlife reserves and enacted strict laws protecting the animals that draw nature-loving tourists. As a result of these measures, several endangered species have begun to thrive again. For example, in the rainforest covered slopes of central Africa's highlands, mountain gorilla reserves have been set up to protect this highly endangered species. It has also been recognised that continual monitoring and research of the tourism industry using effective data collection analysis is essential to help solve problems and bring benefits to the tourism development, destinations, tourist and the local community. However, one limitation is that usually only the government has the means to encourage such research. In addition, the public sector can develop and improve infrastructure needed for sustainable tourism. For example, in Pattaya, the Pattaya Rehabilitation Program has resulted in the development and operation of a much need facilities such as wastewater treatment plant, water reservoirs, roadways and commercial areas, as well as environmental development such as creation of parks. On the other hand, the private sector also plays an important role in managing tourism. The private sector can share information with the public sector to aid research in achieving sustainable tourism, as well as contribute to sustainable tourism by donations to funds financing sustainable management. For example, Citigroup Foundation donated $150,000 dollars in 2006 to support the Rainforest Alliance, which promote sustainable tourism development in Latin America. Also, although the government can facilitate sustainable management, the effectiveness often lies on whether the tourism operations abide with sustainability. An example of such cooperation can be seen in Masoka, Zimbabwe, where safari operators remove the rubbish of safari hunters after each hunt. Moreover, the private sector can provide other forms of support to the government's effort in managing tourism. For example, in Pattaya, the Pattaya Chapter of the Thai Hotel Association and the Pattaya Business and Tourism Association played an instrumental role in rallying support from the private sector for sustainable tourism in Pattaya. But despite the efforts made, we have to consider how effective they actually are in managing tourism. Sustainable tourism as seen today is possible. Examples of successful sustainable tourism management include Pattaya in Thailand, and ecotourism in areas of Zimbabwe such as Masoka. However, these successes are mainly the result of a well planned strategy, with sufficient funds, expertise, knowledge, and considerable efforts from both public and private sector. Cooperation between the public and private sector is essential for sustainability to be viable. Lack of cooperation can often result in limited success in achieving sustainability. For example, in Zimbabwe, authority to manage the wildlife resources is actually in the hands of rural district councils, which have a responsibility to devolve management authority to communities themselves. Not all councils have been willing or have made sufficient effort to devolve authority to these communities. As a result, this created a barrier to achieving sustainability through conservation in these areas. This comes to yet another problem, which is that the private sector should not only include commercial companies. It should also include local communities. It is widely recognised that involvement of the local communities is one of the key to achieving sustainable tourism. Another limitation is that due to profit motives, the private sector may be unenthusiastic in developing sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism requires efforts such as cleaning up pollution and improving infrastructure, as well as limiting tourist number to a manageable figure. These can translate to a reduction in overall profits as operational costs increases and overall revenue falls. Also, sustainable management often require large funds in developing needed infrastructure and expertise and knowledge in management. This may not be available to some countries. However, it can be seen today that the severity of this problems are reduced with support from international agencies such as the Worldwide Fund for Nature. Lastly, one mistake seen in trying to achieve sustainable tourism is the undermining of local community's involvement. It has been recognised that one of the key to achieving sustainable tourism is a high involvement of local community in the planning, management and operation. Therefore, the private sector should not only include commercial companies, but also the local community. In conclusion, both the public and private sector are important in managing tourism. Successful tourism management requires an adequate level of cooperation between the authority, commercial companies and local communities.

Hume, David Essays - David Hume, Philosophy Of Science, Epistemology

Hume, David Essays - David Hume, Philosophy Of Science, Epistemology Hume, David In An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume demonstrates how there is no way to rationally make any claims about future occurrences. According to Hume knowledge of matters of fact come from previous experience. From building on this rationale, Hume goes on to prove how, as humans we can only make inferences on what will happen in the future, based on our experiences of the past. But he points out that we are incorrect to believe that we are justified in using our experience of the past as a means of evidence of what will happen in the future. Since we have only experience of the past, we can only offer propositions of the future. Hume classifies human into two categories; Relations of Ideas, and Matters of Fact. (240) Relations of ideas are either intuitively or demonstratively certain, such as in Mathematics (240). It can be affirmed that 2 + 2 equals 4, according to Humes relations of ideas. Matters of fact on the other hand are not ascertained in the same manner as Relations of Ideas. The ideas that are directly caused by impressions are called matters of fact. With matters of fact, there is no certainty in establishing evidence of truth since every contradiction is possible. Hume uses the example of the sun rising in the future to demonstrate how as humans, we are unjustified in making predictions of the future based on past occurrences. As humans, we tend to use the principle of induction to predict what will occur in the future. Out of habit, we assume that sun will rise every day, like it has done in the past, but we have no basis of actual truth to make this justification. By claiming that the sun will rise tomorrow according to Hume is not false, nor is it true. Hume illustrates that the contrary of every matter of fact is still possible, because it can never imply a contradiction and is conceived by the mind with the same facility and distinctness as if ever so conformable to reality (240). Just because the sun has risen in the past does not serve as evidence for the future. Thus, according to Hume, we are only accurate in saying that there is a fifty- percent chance that the sun will rise tomorrow. Hume felt that all reasoning concerning matter of fact seemed to be founded on the relation between cause and effect. (241) Hume said that even though the cause preceded the effect, there is no proof that the cause is responsible for the effect's occurrence , it could be purely coincidental. He claims that the human notion of cause and effect is ungrounded in empirical evidence, but rather given only reasonable probability through continuous reinforcement. Hume's rejection of causation implies a rejection of scientific laws, which are based on the general premise that one event necessarily causes another and predictably always will. According to Hume's philosophy, therefore, knowledge of matters of fact is impossible, although as a practical matter he freely acknowledged that people had to think in terms of cause and effect, and had to assume the validity of their perceptions, For example, if I touch the hot stove, I will get burnt. This statement does not necessitate that when I tou ch the hot stove, (cause) I will always get burnt (effect). Instead, according to Hume, I have no good reason to think that it will not happen again. Hume, however, went further, endeavoring to prove that reason and rational judgments are merely habitual associations of distinct impressions or experiences. Hume claims that all our ideas, which form the basis of our knowledge, are derived from impressions that we take in from the outside world and into the inside world of our mind. Hume grouped perceptions and experiences into one of two categories: impressions and ideas. (238) According to Hume, ideas are memories of sensations but impressions are the cause of the sensation. An impression is part of a temporary feeling, but an idea is the permanent impact of this feeling. Hume believed that ideas were just dull imitations of impressions. Hume did not believe that a priori, knowledge based on reasoning can deduce true knowledge. Knowledge based on reasoning alone, according

Free Essays on Nikki Giovanni

The Poems of Nikki Giovanni This research is a study of poems of Nikki Giovanni, a twentieth century African American writer. Giovanni is very versatile writer; she wrote novels, short stories, as well as essays. The most outstanding works of Giovanni includes â€Å"Black Judgment†, â€Å"Black Feelings and Black Talk†, and â€Å"Re: Creation†. Nikki Giovanni has received three NAACP Image awards for her most recent collection; also she is the first recipient of the Rosa Parks Woman of Courage award and holds the Langston Hughes Medal for outstanding poetry. Nikki Giovanni was motivated to write politically and artistically radical poems aimed at raising awareness of black rights and promoting the struggle for racial equality. This study however includes a number of Giovanni’s poems where in social injustice is the principle theme. According to Giovanni African Americans were treated unfairly and human rights were abused. Giovanni uses example of issues with African American, strugg les of radical equality, and crimes against humanity. In this poem â€Å"Concerning One Responsible with Too much Power†, Giovanni illustrates social injustice by creating images of what social injustice means. â€Å"Scared? Are responsible Negroes running scared? I understand I’m to be sued and you say you can’t fight fifteen hundred national guards, men so you’ll beat the shit out of poor Black me (no doubt because I’ve castrated you) dynamite came to your attention and responsible negroes tell the cops your tongue must be removed since you have no brain to keep it in check aren’t you turned around teaching tolerance how can I tolerate genocide my cup is full and you already know we have no ability to delay gratification. I only want to reclaim myself I even want you to reclaim yourself but more and more I’m being convinced that death responsible Negro is the first step toward my reclamation it’s very sad I’d normally stop and cry but... Free Essays on Nikki Giovanni Free Essays on Nikki Giovanni The Poems of Nikki Giovanni This research is a study of poems of Nikki Giovanni, a twentieth century African American writer. Giovanni is very versatile writer; she wrote novels, short stories, as well as essays. The most outstanding works of Giovanni includes â€Å"Black Judgment†, â€Å"Black Feelings and Black Talk†, and â€Å"Re: Creation†. Nikki Giovanni has received three NAACP Image awards for her most recent collection; also she is the first recipient of the Rosa Parks Woman of Courage award and holds the Langston Hughes Medal for outstanding poetry. Nikki Giovanni was motivated to write politically and artistically radical poems aimed at raising awareness of black rights and promoting the struggle for racial equality. This study however includes a number of Giovanni’s poems where in social injustice is the principle theme. According to Giovanni African Americans were treated unfairly and human rights were abused. Giovanni uses example of issues with African American, strugg les of radical equality, and crimes against humanity. In this poem â€Å"Concerning One Responsible with Too much Power†, Giovanni illustrates social injustice by creating images of what social injustice means. â€Å"Scared? Are responsible Negroes running scared? I understand I’m to be sued and you say you can’t fight fifteen hundred national guards, men so you’ll beat the shit out of poor Black me (no doubt because I’ve castrated you) dynamite came to your attention and responsible negroes tell the cops your tongue must be removed since you have no brain to keep it in check aren’t you turned around teaching tolerance how can I tolerate genocide my cup is full and you already know we have no ability to delay gratification. I only want to reclaim myself I even want you to reclaim yourself but more and more I’m being convinced that death responsible Negro is the first step toward my reclamation it’s very sad I’d normally stop and cry but...

How to Create the Ideal Study Space

How to Create the Ideal Study Space Your study space is critical to your ability to study effectively. This doesnt necessarily imply that you have to find a place thats completely silent and set it up as your study area, but it does mean you should find a place to study that fits your specific personality and learning style. Identifying Your Ideal Study Space Everyone has different study preferences. Some of us need a completely quiet room free from any audible distractions. Others actually study better listening to quiet music in the background or taking several breaks. You will study most effectively if you make your study time special, like a ceremony. Assign yourself a specific place and regular time. Some students even give a name to their study space.It might sound crazy, but it works. By naming your study space, you generate more respect for your own space. It might just keep your little brother away from your things too! Creating Your Study Space Evaluate your personality and preferences. Discover whether or not you are vulnerable to noise and other distractions. Also determine if you work better by sitting quietly for a long period of time or if you need to take short breaks once in awhile and then return to your work.Identify the space and claim it. Your bedroom may be the best place to study, or it may not be. Some students associate their bedrooms with rest and simply cant concentrate there.A bedroom can also be problematic  if you share a room with a sibling. If you need a quiet place without distraction, it might be better for you to set up a place in the attic, basement, or garage, completely away from others.Make sure your study area is comfortable. It is very important to set up your computer and chair in a way that wont harm your hands, wrists and neck. Make sure you chair and monitor are the right height and lend themselves to a proper ergonomic position for hours of comfortable studying. Take care to avoid repet itive stress injury as this can lead to lifelong difficulties. Next, stock your study space with all the tools and supplies you’ll need, and make sure the space is comfortable in temperature. Establish study rules. Avoid unnecessary arguments and misunderstandings with your parents by establishing when and how you study.If you know that you are able to study effectively by taking breaks, just say so. You may want to create a homework contract. Communicate with your parents and explain the ways in which you study best and why its important for your to take breaks, listen to music, grab a snack, or make use of whatever method best enables effective studying.

Otitis Media Protocol In 1-6 Year Old Patients Essay

Otitis Media Protocol In 1-6 Year Old Patients - Essay Example On the other hand in Europe, a watchful-waiting strategy, in which treatment is only reserved for patients whose condition does not improve without medication (Hoberman et al. 2011). In a study by(Hoberman et al. 2011), it was revealed that a group of children that received amoxicillin clavulanate 35%, which showed resolution of symptoms within 48 hours, and by day four it was 61% and by day seven it reached 80%. The waiting strategy is based on clinical trials that showed considerable improvement in children with acute otitis media (Hoberman et al. 2011). It is obvious that any protocol depends on the condition of the patient. There can be no one-size-fits-all solution/treatment. However, there are the general algorithms that can be followed. First and foremost is the identification of the problem. For instance, the ear infection is common in children but it can occur at any age. According to the website patient.co.uk, the most common treatment is painkillers for a simple ear infection. Otitis media is a very common problem that the general practitioners treat in children. Both type of otitis media; acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME) mostly occur during the childhood and the cause may be the bacterial or viral infection (patient.co.uk). Most children have the self-limiting illness that does not manifest itself to an extent where they would go see a general practitioner (patient.co.uk). By two years of age, most children show at least one episode of AOM (Venekamp, 2013).

Love the music, what about the musician Research Paper

Love the music, what about the musician - Research Paper Example In addition to this innovation, Liszt brought to his performances a touch of showmanship, at times motioning to the crowd. It’s perhaps these elements that created this popular attention for his music. In addition to making these revolutionary contributions to music during his lifetime, Liszt had a number of tumultuous life events that made him interesting to the general public. In terms of birth, Liszt was from Eastern Europe and later moved to Paris, France, giving him an aura of mystery. Liszt was also indicated to have partaken in a number of amorous affairs that slightly scandalized him among the general public. His relationship with one such woman Marie d'Agoult gained considerable tabloid attention. In addition to being five years his senior, the couple had out-of-wedlock children. D’Agoult would go on to write a gossip novel about her relationship with Liszt. Despite these elements, Liszt was recognized as being an incredibly generous individual. During Lisztâ⠂¬â„¢s lifetime he popularity gained him a sort of mystique that drew individuals to him in strange ways. One such example is a peculiar fascination with his ‘magical’ hands; in these regards, plaster casts were taken of his hands that have survived until the present day. With Liszt’s intriguing and tumultuous existence it should be no surprise that elements of it are reflected in his work. This essay considers Liszt’s work on the symphonic poem ‘Tasso’ in relation to his biographical information. One of the first things one notices about the piece is that it is a symphonic poem, the structure that Liszt is renowned for revolutionizing, a feature that is perhaps reflective of his unique and forward thinking status.

Cold War and US Intervention in Latin America Essay

Cold War and US Intervention in Latin America - Essay Example The latter created an Eastern Bloc of countries, annexing them and designating them as Satellite countries. It was in fact these countries which later formulated the Warsaw Pact. United States, on the other hand adopted a policy of "containment" of communism, forming alliances with several countries, and eventually signing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (LaFeber) Communism was gaining rapid popularity immediately after the World War II. To check the spread of Communism, the then US President Harry S Truman, laid down a set of principles pertaining to the US foreign policy, which indirectly authorized the policy of containment of communism. Under the policies of this doctrine, the US intervened in the Civil War of Greece, in an attempt to prevent Greece's falling to the Soviet Union. This intervention was followed by many similar ones to overthrow communist forces. The first of these interventions came in 1954 in the form of Guatemalan coup d'tat, when the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) organised a military intervention to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzmn, the democratically-elected President of Guatemala. The United States speculated Soviet influence and declared that the policies of the Arbenz government were Communist in nature. This operation lasted for nearly 10 years, during which an army of over 400 fighters was trained to fight against the national forces of Guatemalan. This, coupled with the economic and political sanctions levied by the US, achieved its end when Arbenz officially resigned. The most historical of these interventions was the US response to the Cuban Revolution, which bought the world on the verge of a nuclear war. Tensions grew between the two countries when Cuba became a member of the Non Alignment Movement. The US imposed trade restrictions on Cuba, soon after it implemented some nationalizations. When all trade exchange between US and Cuba ceased in October 1960, Cuba turned to Soviet Union for assistance. This triggered an intense backlash from the US, which launched a full fledged policy of destabilising the Cuban government. This policy incorporated political, economic and military action, including the famous Bay of Pigs Invasion to overpower Fidel Castro's administration. This was followed by a military coup in Brazil in 1964 to overthrow Joo Goulart in 1964, and a similar regime in Dominican Republic in 1965. Besides these, the US also tried to contain Communist influence in Argentina, Ecuador, Honduras, and Peru. Influence of the Civil Rights Movement on the New Left The American Civil Rights Movement, which roughly extended from the 1945 to 1970is one of the most celebrated movements in the history of mankind. It primarily dealt with the African Americans' demand for equality, but along its course, it encompassed several other issues dealing with the basic civil rights. As a matter of fact, it merged with different social movements like the Second Wave of Feminism, the Anti Vietnam war protests, the growing Hippie culture etc. thus, it influenced and in turn was itself influenced by many other movements. The New Left emerged in the United States in the 1960's. It comprised of a group of young liberal, sometimes even radical college students of the US, who adopted a new form of political ideology called the social activism.

Management Concepts - Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management Concepts - Case Study - Essay Example With the removal of trade barriers and opening up of economies, companies no longer can have a local country-specific strategy. Two very important factors that have resulted in companies going global are: progress in information and communication technologies, the trend of deregulation and increasing competitive pressure (Mucchielli et al, 1998). One of the ways of expanding globally includes investing the returns from one country to acquire other companies (Samson and Daft, 2009). Operating in different countries is based upon various factors such as the political, economic, social, technological, and legislative environments of the country (CIPD, 2010). At the same time, expanding into different countries also calls for the existence of a thorough globalization strategy keeping in mind the above factors. It is imperative that the learnings from expansion in one country to fine-tune its strategy for expansion in other countries as well. It is also important that the HR, Finance and the IT strategy of the organization shall be aligned towards the objective of being a truly global corporation. John needs to take serious action to prevent NAB from collapsing as a business. The first thing that needs to be done is to imbibe an MNC culture amongst the employees of the organization. The bank can create a separate department which will be responsible for finding out the best fit countries to expand into over a period of time. This department can also be responsible to search for companies in those target countries. Those countries where the PESTEL factors are mostly similar to that of Australia shall be targeted first and then the rest shall be

Ancient goddesses of the middle east Research Paper

Ancient goddesses of the middle east - Research Paper Example In most cases, these civilizations have left behind a great deal of artifacts that suggest the types of religions they practiced, most being of a polytheistic or multi-god format, as well as evidence of what these gods and goddesses represented. Today, the region is more often associated with the advent of Christianity and the concept of a one-god religion, so it is interesting to note the polytheistic tendencies and perhaps examine some of the more specific details of these tendencies to determine how or why the transition was made to a male-dominated religious tradition that would span more than 2000 years. Was it a reaction to an overly powerful, highly restrictive goddess cult? As a means of trying to isolate this grander question, it would be helpful to have some understanding of the greater goddesses of the Mesopotamian region, their powers and their development over time to determine whether the legends provide any support for the Great Goddess legend. Many people assume that the earliest civilizations worshipped a Great Goddess. She was a solitary figure that gave birth to all life on Earth and was responsible for everything on it – much like the God or Allah of the modern day. Evidence for her existence is found in a number of things such as the statuary that has been discovered and some of the myths that have been passed down. Decorative art in societies such as the ancient Minoans indicate women holding high places in society (Goodison & Morris, 1998). It is assumed that a society worshipping a Great Goddess such as this would be organized according to matrilineal lines with the female gender holding much of the power. â€Å"That at least some of the peoples †¦ new-comers encountered were matriarchal and Goddess-worshipping was accepted by even such hard-headed (and influential) archaeologists as V. Gordon

Role of Social Systems Theory and the Family within Society Essay

Role of Social Systems Theory and the Family within Society - Essay Example The ideal should be to provide as good a practical service to clients as possible rather than the testing of ideas. Social systems theory is a method of understand various systems that humans interact with in an effort to provide answers for the problems of social functioning that may occur for both individuals and groups. Throughout the history of sociology there have been various attempts to construct what might be termed as a "grand theory" of human social interaction (Jokisch, 2001). Talcott Parsons was one of the first sociologists to offer a single theory. Parsons saw systems as an analytical tool to understand certain processes that were occurring within society. By contrast, e was followed up by the specific features of Niklas Luhmann, who first used the term social systems theory (Luhmann, 1995). Luhmann suggests that systems exist as a discrete entity that can and should be studied in and of itself. As Moeller et al. suggest, the originating point of nearly all social systems theory is that "it no longer holds that current society can be successfully based on the basis that it is (or should be) fundamentally humane, and that it is, on principle, an assembly of individual human beings" (Moeller, 2006). Thus social systems theory avoids the temptation to indulge in what may be seen as unfounded generalizations about the "nature" of human beings or far reaching conceptualizations that ignore reality. The basis of Luhmann's ideas is communication. He sees social systems as essentially systems of communication. A system is defined by a boundary between it and its environment, dividing it from a hopelessly complex and chaotic exterior. The systems is then, through simple logic, less complex and less chaotic than the exterior. Luhmann argues that if a system fails to maintain its identity, it cease to exist as a system and dissolves back into the overall environment from which it emerged in the first place. Elements are filtered by the system into some kind of organization within what Luhmann termed as autopoiesis, literally "self-creation", a term he borrowed from cognitive biology. Social systems are autopoietically closed as they use and rely upon resources from the environment, but these resources do not necessarily become part of the system's environment. With some reason, much of social systems theory has been criticized as rather remote and perhaps not too relevant to the actual world that human beings inhabit. The fact that the study of humans as discrete individuals is rejected by Luhmann et al. seems to lend support to these criticisms. As Weiner (1978) it might be difficult to associate such esoteric theories with their application within the resoundingly practical world of the delivery of human services to at need groups, families and individuals. But seeing society as a system, and one in which the constituent parts can be analyzed and perhaps even categorized according to similar types that have been discovered before is of use to the delivery of human services. Many societies may seem so utterly complex that the only method of dealing with them is on a case-by-case ad hoc basis rather than through some kind of systematic paradigm. Systems theory may help in answering a number of basic questions regarding human services. As Gardner (2003) suggest,

Ancient goddesses of the middle east Research Paper

Ancient goddesses of the middle east - Research Paper Example In most cases, these civilizations have left behind a great deal of artifacts that suggest the types of religions they practiced, most being of a polytheistic or multi-god format, as well as evidence of what these gods and goddesses represented. Today, the region is more often associated with the advent of Christianity and the concept of a one-god religion, so it is interesting to note the polytheistic tendencies and perhaps examine some of the more specific details of these tendencies to determine how or why the transition was made to a male-dominated religious tradition that would span more than 2000 years. Was it a reaction to an overly powerful, highly restrictive goddess cult? As a means of trying to isolate this grander question, it would be helpful to have some understanding of the greater goddesses of the Mesopotamian region, their powers and their development over time to determine whether the legends provide any support for the Great Goddess legend. Many people assume that the earliest civilizations worshipped a Great Goddess. She was a solitary figure that gave birth to all life on Earth and was responsible for everything on it – much like the God or Allah of the modern day. Evidence for her existence is found in a number of things such as the statuary that has been discovered and some of the myths that have been passed down. Decorative art in societies such as the ancient Minoans indicate women holding high places in society (Goodison & Morris, 1998). It is assumed that a society worshipping a Great Goddess such as this would be organized according to matrilineal lines with the female gender holding much of the power. â€Å"That at least some of the peoples †¦ new-comers encountered were matriarchal and Goddess-worshipping was accepted by even such hard-headed (and influential) archaeologists as V. Gordon

Information processing Essay Example for Free

Information processing Essay Discuss how information processing varies between individual, team and racquet athletics.  Sport contains mainly perceptual motor skills so it is important to select the correct skill for the situation. The process used to select the correct skill is called the information processing system or the DCR process, because we Detect information, Compare it with previous experiences and then react.  Welford said that all information is taken in as stimuli through our senses. It is then stored in the short term memory before being sorted, if the stimulus is relevant to the current skill then it is stored in the short term memory where it is compared to previous experiences in the long term memory. Then a decision is made as to what action to take based on this comparison. The action that was performed and the outcome from this action are then stored in the long term memory for future reference. Welfords model is shown below:  This model makes a performer react in the way that they do to a situation but there are many factors that can influence what action the performer decides to take. These include; time available, number and intensity of stimuli, experience, anticipation, fitness and motivation of the performer. The effect these factors have on a performer will vary from individual, racquet and team sports.  The time that you have available to process the incoming stimuli differs in each sport. For example in rugby, which is externally paced, you have a small amount of time to process the stimuli and make a decision because there are usually many defenders around you. Tennis players also have very little time to react because the ball is usually travelling at a high speed and if they dont make a decision and return the ball they will lose the point. However in golf, an internally paced sport, the player can take as long as they need to make a decision because there ar e no opponents directly around them. There are three main types of stimuli that enter the sensory input these are;  Vision: is where a player will react to a visual stimulus such as the position of the ball or an opponent. These stimuli are easier to detect and react to if the stimulus is brighter. For example in tennis the ball is bright yellow which makes it easier to see. But there are also unwanted stimuli such as ball boys moving or crowd movements these stimuli are obviously irrelevant but they are still initially taken in which slows down the whole process. In an individual sport there are fewer visual stimuli for example in a 100m race the only real visual stimulus is where the finish line is in relation to you. Audition: this is all stimuli that are heard, for example when a team mate calls for the ball in rugby. Auditable stimuli are hard and processed easier and faster if they are loud and clear. There are also irrelevant auditable stimuli such as crowd noise these will slow down the information processing model.  Proprioception: this is made up of three components;  Equilibrium: this is an awareness of your body position and balance. We can tell if we are about to fall over and where we are in relation to objects. Team sports are more likely to have an uneven playing surface which means that your balance will have to be constantly adjusted as you are running. But in individual and racquet sports the playing surface is fairly constant with the exception of golf, where a stance may have to be altered to adjust to the surface. Kinaesthesis: this is where the body senses the muscle movement and contraction it is sometimes known as muscle memory. It is if the movement feels right to the performer. It is developed through practice and experience one example would be a conversion kick in rugby the player may take there step away from the ball in the same way they usually do but they may just feel that they are not in the right place. It doesnt apply as much in team games as in individual and racquet sports apart from set plays.  Tactile sense: this is the feeling of pressure this is important for all sports. It can be affected be the weather conditions because cold weather affects our ability to feel effectively. The short term sensory store is where all information is stored for a split second before it is processed. All relevant and irrelevant information is stored in here before it is replaced and lost. This does not differ between sports only what enters it does.  The perception stage is where all the information that has come from the short term sensory store is processed. This is when irrelevant information is thrown away and useful stimuli such as where the ball is, is kept to make a decision and stored in the STM. This will vary between individual, racquet and team sports because of the amount of stimuli. In team sports there are more stimuli so it takes longer to sort through whereas there are relatively small amounts of stimuli in individual sports so it wont take as long to sort them out. It also differs depending upon whether the performer is experienced or not as it will be easier for a expert to sort through the stimuli because they have more experience. We sort through the st imuli with selective attention and take only the important pieces of information because only around 7-10 pieces of information can be stored in the STM. The information passed on from the perception stage is then stored in the STM. Because only 7-10 pieces of information can be stored an experienced player may chunk information together so that the position of all players is one piece, but a beginner may not be able to do this so each player may be a separate piece. Team sports would be much more affected because of the amount of information so not all stimuli can be stored so a poor decision may be made but less poor decisions will be made in an individual or racquet sport because there is less information. The LTM holds information on movement patterns and the results of using them in certain situations and can hold them for a lifetime. Team sports have many memories but individual sports may have less.  The decision making process is where whats happening now (in the short term memory) with what has happened previously (in the long term memory). In the LTM the performer will be looking for similar situations and actions and their outcomes. This makes team games decision making process a lot longer because of the vast amount of information and possible actions to take. Whereas in an individual sport there is much less information and less possible actions. The motor output is the performance of the chosen skill. One example may be for a badminton player to put in a drop shot because the opponent is at the back of the court. The action is referred to the muscle movement in the LTM. The action and its consequences are then stored in the long term memory for future reference.  Individual sports, because they are individually paced, make them the simplest in the IP model. Also because there are fewer stimuli there is a shorter reaction time which gives the performer more time to carry out the IP model which should result in a better decision. Racquet sports are externally paced due to the fact that there is an opponent; this means that there is less time for the performer to react. There are some irrelevant stimuli which will slow down the IP model which means it takes longer to decide than in an individual sport but not as long as in a team sport because there are fewer possibilities for what action to take.  Team sports are externally paced which reduces the time available to react. Also there are much more irrelevant stimuli in team sports, this will lengthen the IP. The IP will also be lengthened due to the complexity of most team games because there are more situations and possible responses to choose from. Bibliography Advanced PE for Edexcel Heinemann by F. Galligan et al.

Properties of Cytosinium Hydrogen Selenite

Properties of Cytosinium Hydrogen Selenite Growth, Optical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cytosinium hydrogen selenite: A Novel Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal P. Jaikumar, S. Sathiskumar, T. Balakrishnan  and K. Ramamurthi Abstract A novel nonlinear optical single crystal of cytosinium hydrogen selenite was successfully grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The unit cell parameters of the grown crystal were estimated by single crystal X- ray diffraction analysis. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X- ray technique. Presence of various functional groups was identified from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optical transmittance and absorbance spectra recorded for the grown crystal show that the crystal possesses good transparency in the entire visible region. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were calculated for the grown crystal as a function of frequency at different temperatures. Etching study of the grown cytosinium hydrogen selenite crystal was carried out with different etching time. Keywords: Crystal growth; Optical properties; Mechanical properties; Dielectric constant, second harmonic generation efficiency *Corresponding author Tel.: +91 9443445535 E Mail addresses: [emailprotected] (T. Balakrishnan). 1.Introduction In the past few decades, a myriad of efforts has been made in the design and characterization of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials due to their excellent properties and important applications in the field of laser technology, telecommunication, optoelectronic and photonic applications [1-2]. A large number of various organic and semiorganic NLO materials were synthesized and characterized. Cytosine is one of the pyrimidine derivatives consists of heterocyclic compound along with aromatic amine and keto groups [3-4]. Cytosine plays an important role in DNA/RNA base pairing, through several hydrogen-bonding pattern, and controls the essential features of life as it is involved in genetic codon of 17 amino acids [5]. The single crystal structure of anhydrous cytosine [6] and cytosine monohydrate [7] was reported. Tu Lee and and Pu Yun Wang [8] reported the molecular recognition of an achiral cytosine with oxalic acid, malonic acid and succinic acid. Babulal Das and Baruah [9] reported t he hydrogen bonded single crystals of cytosine with adipic acid and citric acid. Reji Thomas and Kulkarni [10] studied the hydrogen bonding in proton transfer complexes of cytosine with trimesic acid and pyromellitic acid. Single crystal structure of metal complexes of cytosine with cobalt chloride [11], copper chloride [12] and calcium chloride [13] were reported. The single crystal structure of cytosinium hydrogen selenite (CHS) was reported by Radhwane Takouachet et al. [14]. A survey of literature shows no systematic works available on the growth of cytosinium hydrogen selenite single crystal and its characterization. Hence in this work we report on the synthesis and growth of CHS single crystal and characterization of the grown crystal for its structural, optical, nonlinear optical, dielectric, thermal and etching properties for the first time. 2. Experimental details 2.1 Synthesis Aqua solution of CHS was prepared from equimolar amounts of AR grade cytosine and selenous acid (E Merck). The reactants were thoroughly dissolved in doubly distilled water and stirred well for about three hours using temperature controlled magnetic stirrer to obtain a homogeneous mixture of solution. Evaporation of the prepared solution at room temperature yielded the product of CHS. Successive re-crystallization process was adapted to improve the purity of the synthesized CHS. 2.2 Crystal Growth Saturated solution of CHS was prepared at room temperature using recrystallized salt in double distilled water and filtered using Whatman filter paper. The filtered solution was taken in a fresh beaker closed with perforated polythene sheet and kept in a dust free atmosphere for crystallization. Slow evaporation method yielded single crystals of size 4 Ãâ€" 2 Ãâ€" 2 mm3 and were harvested in a period of 15 days. The grown CHS crystals are shown in Fig.1. Fig.1. As grown CHS crystals 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 X-ray diffraction studies The grown single crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at room temperature using Enraf Nonius CAD4 X – ray diffractometer with Mo KÃŽ ± (ÃŽ » = 0.7107Ã…) radiation to estimate the unit cell parameters. Single crystal structure studies show that CHS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with a non centrosymmetric space group PCa21. The unit cell parameters obtained are a = 7.024 Ã… (7.005 Ã…), b = 8.661 Ã… (8.634 Ã…), c = 12.741 Ã… (12.713 Ã…) and V= 771 Ã…3 (768 Ã… 3 ) and these values agree well with the corresponding values reported by Radhwane Takouachet et al. [14] given in parenthesis. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the CHS crystal was recorded on Reich Seifert diffractometer using Cu KÃŽ ± (ÃŽ » = 1.5418 Ã…) radiation. The powdered sample was scanned over a 2ÃŽ ¸ range 10 ° 80 ° at a scan rate of 1 °/min. The recorded powder X ray diffraction peaks were indexed using AUTOX 93 software. The indexed powder X ray diffraction peaks of CHS are shown in Fig.2. Fig.2. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of CHS 3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral analysis. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis of CHS crystal was carried out in the range of 400 – 4000 cm-1 using Perkin Elmer FT – IR spectrometer by the KBr pellet method to study the presence of various functional groups. The recorded FT-IR spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. In the higher energy region, the peak appears at 3316 cm-1 is assigned to NH2 asymmetric stretching vibration. The peak at 3218 cm-1 is assigned to the frequency of NH2 symmetric stretching vibration. The intense peak at 1727 cm-1 establishes the presence of C = O stretching vibration. The NH2 in plane deformation vibration mode appears at 1644 cm-1. The C – N – H and C = C stretching vibrations are observed at 1497 cm-1 and 1368 cm-1 respectively. The peak at 1237 cm-1 occurs due to C – N stretching vibration. The strong band observed at 821 cm-1, 631 cm-1 and 428 cm-1 are due to the Se O stretching vibration [15]. The observed wave numbers and the assignments are presented in Table 1. Fig.3. FT – IR spectrum of CHS Table 1. Tentative band assignment of FT IR spectra for CSA single crystals 3.3. UV Vis NIR Spectral analysis The UV – Vis – NIR spectrum gives information about the changes in electronic structure of the molecule because the absorption of UV and visible light involves promotion of the electrons from the ground state to higher energy states. The UV – Vis – NIR transmittance and absorbance spectrum was recorded in the wavelength range of 190 – 1100 nm using Varian Cary 5E spectrophotometer. The UV transmittance and absorbance spectrum recorded for CHS of thickness 2mm is shown in Fig. 4. As there is no absorption in the entire UV – Vis – NIR, it can be used as potential material for frequency doubling process. The lower cutoff wavelength is observed at 290 nm. From the transmittance spectra optical parameters like absorption coefficient ÃŽ ± and band gap were evaluated. The absorption coefficient (ÃŽ ±) was evaluated from the equation ÃŽ ± = 2.303 A/t, where t is the thickness and A is the absorbance of the crystal. The direct band gap was dete rmined by fitting the absorption data to the equation ÃŽ ±hÑ µ = B (ÃŽ ±hÑ µ hÑ µ)1/2 in which hÑ µ is the photon energy and B is the constant related to material. A plot of variation of hÏ… versus (ÃŽ ±hÏ…)2 was drawn in Fig. 5 and the optical band gap (Eg) was obtained by extrapolating the linear part of the graph to X – axis. This gives a band gap value of 5.1 eV for CHS crystal. Fig.4. UV – Vis – NIR transmittance and absorbance spectrum of CHS single crystal Fig.5. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 versus hÃŽ ½ for CHS single crystal 3.4. Dielectric studies The dielectric constant of a material gives information about the nature of atoms, ions and their bonding in the material. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the CHS crystals were studied at three different temperatures using a HIOKI 3532 LCR HITESTER instrument in the frequency range 50 Hz 2 MHz. Cut and polished crystal of dimension 1cm x 1cm x 2mm was used for dielectric study. A two terminal copper electrode was used as a sample holder and the sample was held between the electrodes. The temperature of the sample was controlled and measured using a thermocouple. The thermocouple was fixed in the vicinity of lower electrode to measure the temperature of the sample. In this way a parallel plate capacitor was formed. The capacitance of the sample was measured by varying the frequency. The dielectric constant (ɆºÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹) in the frequency range 50 Hz 2 MHz was estimated at the temperature 32, 50 and 75  °C using the formula ɆºÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ = Cd/(Éâ⠂¬ º0A), where C is the capacitance of the crystal, d is the thickness of the crystal, A is the cross sectional area of the crystal and Ɇº0 is the constant of permittivity of free space. The variation of the dielectric constant with log frequency at different temperature is shown in Fig. 6. It is found that dielectric constant has high values in the lower frequency region and then it decreases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant of a material is composed of four contributions namely electronic, ionic, orientation and space charge polarizations. The high value of dielectric constant at low frequencies may be due to the presence of all the four polarizations and its low value at high frequencies may be due to the loss of significance of these polarizations gradually [16, 17]. It was observed from the graph that the dielectric constant of CHS exhibits a normal dielectric behaviour. Fig. 7 shows the exponential decrease of dielectric loss of CHS as a function o f frequency. Fig.6. Variation of dielectric constant with log frequency at various temperatures Fig . 7. Variation of dielectric loss with log frequency at various temperatures 3.5Microhardness study Microhardness measurement is a general microprose technique for assessing the bond strength, apart from being a measure of bulk strength. The hardness value correlated with other mechanical properties like elastic constants, yield strength, brittleness index and temperature of cracking. Microhardness measurements were carried at room temperature using Shimadzu HMV-2000 hardness tester fitted with a Vickers pyramid diamond. The load P is varied between 25g to 100g, and the indentation time is kept constant at 10s for all trails. The diagonal lengths of indentation were measured. The hardness of the material Hv is determined by the following relation. Hv = 1.8544 P /d2 (Kg/mm2) Fig.8 Microhardness values vs. load for CHS crystal Where P is the applied load in Kg and d is the diagonal length of the impression in mm. The variation of hardness value and applied load is shown in Fig.8. The graph was plotted for log P versus log d is shown in Fig.9. The plot of log P versus log d yields a straight line and its slope gives the work hardening coefficient n. The value of n is found to be 5 for CHS crystal. Since the value of n is greater than 2, the hardness of the material is found increase with the increase of load. It confirms the prediction of Onitsch and also the reverse indentation size effect (RISE) [18 19]. Fig.9. log P vs. log d for CHS crystal 3.5. Thermal analysis The thermo gravimetric ( TG ), differential thermal ( DT ) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis were carried out using SDT Q600 v20.9 Build 20 for CHS sample weight of 7.9970 mg in the temperature range 25 to 500  °C at a heating rate of 10 ° C / min in nitrogen gas atmosphere. A small weight loss of 17.2 % observed in the range of 25 ° C 150 ° C, which is assigned to the loss of selenous acid. There is a major weight loss of 69.5 % in the temperature range 150 ° C 460 ° C. The second step of weight loss is attributed to the decomposition of cytosine molecules. The DTA trace illustrates two endothermic peak each at, 66.55 ° C and 167.47 ° C. The endotherms coincide with the weight losses shown in Fig.10 Fig. 10 TG/DTA and DSC trace of CHS single crystal 3.7. Etching studies The chemical etching studies were carried out on the grown CHS crystal using polarized high resolution optical microscope fitted with Motic camera. Etching is an important tool for the identification of the crystal defects, such as growth hillocks, etch pits, grain boundaries on the crystal surface and micro structural imperfections of the grown crystal. Double distilled water was used as etchant. The photographs of the etch patterns are shown in Fig. 11a and Fig. 11b. When the etch time is 5s, which is shows less etch pits formed in the grown crystal surface. Etching study is made on the grown CHS single crystal with different etching time and when the etching time is increased, there is a major change observed in the morphology of the etch pits (with 10s). Fig. 9a. Etching study on CHS crystal (etch time of 5s) Fig. 9b Etching study on CHS crystal (etch time of 10s) 3.8. Second harmonic generation efficiency The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the grown crystal was measured by using the Kurtz powder technique [20]. The fundamental beam of 1064 nm from Q-switched Nd:YAG laser ( Prolab 170 Quanta ray, pulse width 8 ns, repetition rate 10 Hz) was made to fall normally on the CHS crystalline powder densely packed in a capillary tube. The fundamental beam was filtered using an IR filter and the green radiation of 532 nm was collected by Photo multiplier tube (PMT-Philips photonics – model 8563). The optical signal incident on the PMT was converted into voltage output at the CRO (Tektronix – TDS 3052B). The input laser energy incident on the powdered sample was chosen to be 6.1mJ/pulse. A pure potassium dihydrogen Phosphate powdered sample of the same size of CHS (KDP) was used as the reference material and the result obtained for CHS shows a second harmonic generation efficiency of about 1.5 times that of KDP. 4. Conclusion Slow evaporation technique at room temperature yielded CHS single crystals of 4 Ãâ€" 2 Ãâ€" 2 mm3 . The single crystal X – ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with a non centrosymmetric space group of PCa21. The crystallinity of the grown crystal was verified by powder X – ray diffraction analysis. Presence of various functional groups of CHS crystals was identified by FT – IR spectral studies. From the UV – Vis – NIR transmittance spectrum we found that the material has no absorption in the range of 210 1100 nm, thus confirming the suitability of CHS crystal for SHG application. The dielectric study reveals that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increasing frequency at different temperatures. TG/DTA reveals that the compound is stable at room temperature and decomposes on increasing the temperature. Etching study is made on the surface of the grown crystal with different etchi ng time and when the etching time is increased, there is no change in the morphology of the etch pits. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystal was measured by Kurtz powder technique and is 1.5 times that of KDP. References [1]. Hideko Koshima, Hironori I Miyamoto, I chizo Yagi, Kohei U osaki, Cryst. Growth and Design 4 (2004) 807 – 811. [2]. K. Bouchouit, Z., B. Derkowska, S. Abed, N. Bnali-Cherif, M. Bakasse, B. Sahraoui, J. Optics Communications, 278 (2007) 180-186. [3]. J. D. Watson, F.H. Crick, Nature, 171(1953) 737-738. [4]. Balasubramanian Sridhar, Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu, Krishnan Ravikumar Cryst. Eng. Comm., 14 (2012) 7065-7074. [5]. G. Portalone, M. Colapietro, J. Chem. Crystallogr. 39 (2009) 193-200. [6]. David L. Barker, Richard E. Marsh, Acta Cryst. 17, (1964) 1581-1587. [7]. G.A.Jeffery, Y.Kinoshita, Y. Acta. Cryst. 16, (1963) 20-38. [8]. Tu Lee, Pu Yun Wang, Cryst. Growth Des. 10 (2010) 1419 1434. [9]. Babulal Das, Jubaraj B. Baruah, J. Molecular Structure 1001, (2011) 134-138. [10]. Reji Thomas, G. U. Kulkarni J. Molecular Structure 873 (2008) 160 167. [11]. D. Trani Qui, M. Bagieu A. Acta. Cryst C46 (1990) 1645-1647. [12]. D. Trani Qui, E. Palacios Acta. Cryst C46 (1990) 1220-1223. [13]. Keizo ogawa, Miyoko Kumihashi, Ken-ichi tomita, Acta. Cryst B36 (1980) 1793-1797. [14]. Radhwane Takouachet, Rim Benali Cherif, Nourredine Benali Cherif, Acta Cryst. E70 (2014) o186 – o187. [15]. K. Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman spectra of Inorganic and Coordination compounds,  Wiley, New York, 1978 [16]. T. Balakrishnan, G. Bhagavanarayanan and K. Ramamurthi, Spectrochim. Acta part A 71 (2008) 578 – 583. [17]. K. V. Rao and A. Smakula, J. App. Phys. 37 (1996) 317 – 322. [18]. K. Sangwal, Mater. Chem. Phys. 63 (2000) 145 152. [19]. Mott. B. W. Micro indentation Hardness Testing: Butterworths, London, 1956. [20]. S. K. Kurtz and T. T. Perry, J. Appl. Phys. 39 (1968) 3798.

Business Introduction Letter :: Business Introduction Letters Email

February 2, 2006 Ms. Madison Grace Director, Corporate Services River Industries Inc. 987 Strawberry Lane Smallville, OH 65498 Dear Ms. Grace: It was a pleasure meeting you at last week's Board of Trade event. It is amazing how small the world seems sometimes, considering that we both earned our undergraduate degrees at U. of Texas, even overlapping for one year! I suppose we were destined to eventually meet in person. I was fascinated by your synopsis of the history of River Industries over the past, almost half-century. Clearly, your company has a rich corporate heritage and tradition. At the same time, the company has been blessed with a continuum of leaders of foresight and imagination who have the courage to change course at key points along the way so that the company would remain competitive and continue to lead its industry. As I was mentioning to you, Final Editing Publications is a specialty publisher that focuses on corporate publications including annual reports, corporate profiles, and corporate histories. We have been in business for over 20 years and during that time we have grown from a two-person industry, to a serious corporate publisher with over 120 employees. We have been contracted by over half a dozen Fortune 500 companies to produce both annual and special occasion publications on their behalf. After our talk at last week's meeting, it occurred to me that with River approaching its 60th anniversary, it would be the perfect occasion to produce a Corporate History to celebrate. It so happens, that these are the types of publications we specialize in here at Final Editing. In fact, we have produced corporate histories for a number of companies. With River's 60th just around the corner, I'm sure that you have been thinking about ways to make the anniversary a special one. Accordingly, I would like to meet with you and show you some of the corporate work we have done, and brief you further on our services.

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy Essay -- Tragedie

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy A view from the Bridge was written by Arthur Miller in 1955 and set in the 1950's Brooklyn, New York. Most of this area was inhabited by immigrants that arrived from countries such as Italy and Sicily, before the restriction of immigrant's law was passed. Although the law denies people to migrate to the country. Illegal immigrants will often be smuggled in from countries like Sicily. The main area is based in Red Hook. Illegal immigrants come into the country and work on the dockyards and Sicily at the time was in great poverty and hardship. The people in this area of red hook are Italian American civilian citizens that have travelled the Island of Sicily because of the hard times that they have had. Such things like no cars, no food, no school, no clean water and no jobs for the poor. Two such characters are in the play called Rodolfo and Marco, who are brothers. That has come from such areas of Sicily. Eddie is married to Beatrice but has sexual feelings for his niece, Catherine and because of his pride he cannot admit that he is in the wrong. This makes it difficult for him to take good advice when given. Eventually Eddie cannot take the thought of losing Catherine to Rodolfo, he phones the immigration bureau and tells them about Rodolfo and Marco. When the immigration officers come and take Rodolfo and Marco. Marco realises that Eddie was the one who told the immigration officers about them being illegal immigrants. Marco is furious because he knows that he has no chance of staying in America and provide money for his family in Sicily. Whereas if Rodolfo marries Catherine he would become an American citizen. Finally when the day of Catherine?s an... ...still relevant today because it still goes on in today?s world. For example Natural law uses emotions to kill people and the government uses constitutional law to stop people by using the police. I think that ?A View from the Bridge? has been a very good tragedy and has a good structure so people can learn the moral of the play. I would class ?A View from the Bridge? as an excellent classic tragedy because it has all the Aristotelian elements for a classic tragedy. One of the main ways of being a classic tragedy is that it has to be didactic and ?A View from the Bridge? is very didactic with a chorus which keeps you informed and explained what is going on so that the audience are always one step ahead of the play. Also a classic tragedy is ?Universal truth? so it can relate to anyone, people can watch the play a century later and still learn from it.

Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins

Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Sheila Grant SCI/241 December 23, 2012 Tia Patterson Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins All types of vitamins are essential for everyone to include in their diet to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They are classified into two different classifications. There is fat soluble which are A, D, E and K. The other classification is water soluble vitamins, which is vitamin C and B. Vitamin C and B are also known as complex group vitamins. Vitamins are crucial for the human body to properly function. Foods we eat have different kinds of vitamins, some may have one and some many have multiple vitamins.Watching what you eat will ensure the body is getting plenty of vitamins for your body to function properly. Our body does not make the vitamins we need to sustain life; therefore we need vitamins to maintain proper function of the body system. Vitamins we consume from the foods we eat are one part of a healthy diet. Vitamins help our body function like cell growth, energ y metabolism, immune system, nervous system, circulatory system and reproduction system. Vitamins help fight off infections and as we get older the risk for infections increase. Vitamins are just as important to babies as it is the elderly.Everyone will benefit and have a healthy diet if vitamins are crucial in their diet. The fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Vitamin A is a crucial vitamin because it helps the eyes and skin to be healthy. Vitamin A is important because it helps teeth and bones to be strong. Vitamin A is also beneficial to the bodies reproductive and immune systems. There are some ideal sources of vitamin A for a healthy diet. They are carrots, sweet potato, tomatoes, green beans, bell peppers, and spinach. The deficiency of Vitamin A could cause diarrhea, intestinal infections, inflammation of the eyes and keratinization of skin and eyes.An individual who consumes too much Vitamin A could cause, blurred vision, enlargement of liver and spleen, loss of hair, s kin changes, and increased pressure of skull. Vitamin D vitamins help regulate the use of phosphorous for our body. According to Nutrition, â€Å"Active vitamin D is needed to maintain normal blood levels of the minerals calcium and phosphorus. Calcium is important for bone health, but it is also needed for proper functioning of nerves, muscles, glands, and other tissues† (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Vitamin D can be made in the body and can be absorbed through the skin by sun exposure.When the body has low levels of Vitamin D, the body stores inactive Vitamin D and activategbs it through the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency in children will cause rickets which is smaller rib cages and bowed legs. Deficiency in adults is Osteomalacia, which causes bone loss. When an individual consumes an excessive amount of Vitamin D, they can have high amounts of calcium in the blood and urine. It also could cause heart problems. Some excellent sources of Vitamin D are salmon, eggs, m ilk, tuna, and cod liver oil.Vitamin E maintains the nerves and the reproductive system to help keep them healthy. The benefit of Vitamin E is it promotes healthy skin. There are excellent sources of Vitamin E found in food, they are; sunflower seeds, almonds, turnip greens and mustard greens. Deficiency of Vitamin D could cause anemia in low birth weight babies. This would happen if starvation was a cause though. Overconsumption of this vitamin causes massive nausea and digestive track conditions. â€Å"Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that is needed by the body for blood clotting and other important process. (Leopold, 2010) The benefits of vitamin K are used in management of extreme bleeding. Too much bleeding can occur from a deficiency of vitamin K mainly with the use of blood thinning agents. Some symptoms related to the deficiency of vitamin K are; nose bleeds, broken blood vessels, blood in urine and bleeding gums. Some problems with vitamin K when excessively taken is upse t stomach and really high doses the person may have an allergic reaction. Excellent sources for Vitamin K are, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, celery, tomatoes and spinach.Water-soluble vitamins are B-complex and Vitamin C. These two vitamins are not stored in the body and will need to be replaced every day. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and therefor they are eliminated in urine. B-complex groups have eight water-soluble vitamins which are; niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid, thiamin and riboflavin. The sources of the vitamins are found in, grains, vegetables, meats, eggs, milk and dairy. B-complex vitamins help the body get energy from the food we eat. It also helps aid in protein metabolism, and helps many body functions.Citrus fruits like oranges are ideal sources for Vitamin C. Vitamin C help maintain blood vessels, bones and teeth. Vitamin C gives us protection again immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease and prevents skin wrinkling. In some countries b eriberi, pellagra and pernicious are three common B-vitamin deficiencies. When people overeat certain types of food the deficiency can cause cracks at corners of mouth, impaired growth, mental confusion and eyes sensitive to light. Deficiency to Vitamin C could cause bleeding gums, sore joints, increased infections and easily bruised.Toxicity among the two vitamins can cause diarrhea, bloating, kidney stones, abnormal liver function and irritability. In some cases Vitamin C has the power to diminish the threat of different types of cancer, heart disease and cataracts. Vitamin C serves as an antioxidant as it can fight off infections they may cause harm to our bodies. References Leopold, D. C. (2010, December). Vitamin and Lifestyle Guide. Retrieved from http://webmd. com/vitamins Grosvenor, M. B. , & Smolin, L. A. (2006). Nutrition: Everyday choices. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Sheila Grant SCI/241 December 23, 2012 Tia Patterson Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins All types of vitamins are essential for everyone to include in their diet to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They are classified into two different classifications. There is fat soluble which are A, D, E and K. The other classification is water soluble vitamins, which is vitamin C and B. Vitamin C and B are also known as complex group vitamins. Vitamins are crucial for the human body to properly function. Foods we eat have different kinds of vitamins, some may have one and some many have multiple vitamins.Watching what you eat will ensure the body is getting plenty of vitamins for your body to function properly. Our body does not make the vitamins we need to sustain life; therefore we need vitamins to maintain proper function of the body system. Vitamins we consume from the foods we eat are one part of a healthy diet. Vitamins help our body function like cell growth, energ y metabolism, immune system, nervous system, circulatory system and reproduction system. Vitamins help fight off infections and as we get older the risk for infections increase. Vitamins are just as important to babies as it is the elderly.Everyone will benefit and have a healthy diet if vitamins are crucial in their diet. The fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Vitamin A is a crucial vitamin because it helps the eyes and skin to be healthy. Vitamin A is important because it helps teeth and bones to be strong. Vitamin A is also beneficial to the bodies reproductive and immune systems. There are some ideal sources of vitamin A for a healthy diet. They are carrots, sweet potato, tomatoes, green beans, bell peppers, and spinach. The deficiency of Vitamin A could cause diarrhea, intestinal infections, inflammation of the eyes and keratinization of skin and eyes.An individual who consumes too much Vitamin A could cause, blurred vision, enlargement of liver and spleen, loss of hair, s kin changes, and increased pressure of skull. Vitamin D vitamins help regulate the use of phosphorous for our body. According to Nutrition, â€Å"Active vitamin D is needed to maintain normal blood levels of the minerals calcium and phosphorus. Calcium is important for bone health, but it is also needed for proper functioning of nerves, muscles, glands, and other tissues† (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Vitamin D can be made in the body and can be absorbed through the skin by sun exposure.When the body has low levels of Vitamin D, the body stores inactive Vitamin D and activategbs it through the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency in children will cause rickets which is smaller rib cages and bowed legs. Deficiency in adults is Osteomalacia, which causes bone loss. When an individual consumes an excessive amount of Vitamin D, they can have high amounts of calcium in the blood and urine. It also could cause heart problems. Some excellent sources of Vitamin D are salmon, eggs, m ilk, tuna, and cod liver oil.Vitamin E maintains the nerves and the reproductive system to help keep them healthy. The benefit of Vitamin E is it promotes healthy skin. There are excellent sources of Vitamin E found in food, they are; sunflower seeds, almonds, turnip greens and mustard greens. Deficiency of Vitamin D could cause anemia in low birth weight babies. This would happen if starvation was a cause though. Overconsumption of this vitamin causes massive nausea and digestive track conditions. â€Å"Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that is needed by the body for blood clotting and other important process. (Leopold, 2010) The benefits of vitamin K are used in management of extreme bleeding. Too much bleeding can occur from a deficiency of vitamin K mainly with the use of blood thinning agents. Some symptoms related to the deficiency of vitamin K are; nose bleeds, broken blood vessels, blood in urine and bleeding gums. Some problems with vitamin K when excessively taken is upse t stomach and really high doses the person may have an allergic reaction. Excellent sources for Vitamin K are, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, celery, tomatoes and spinach.Water-soluble vitamins are B-complex and Vitamin C. These two vitamins are not stored in the body and will need to be replaced every day. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and therefor they are eliminated in urine. B-complex groups have eight water-soluble vitamins which are; niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid, thiamin and riboflavin. The sources of the vitamins are found in, grains, vegetables, meats, eggs, milk and dairy. B-complex vitamins help the body get energy from the food we eat. It also helps aid in protein metabolism, and helps many body functions.Citrus fruits like oranges are ideal sources for Vitamin C. Vitamin C help maintain blood vessels, bones and teeth. Vitamin C gives us protection again immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease and prevents skin wrinkling. In some countries b eriberi, pellagra and pernicious are three common B-vitamin deficiencies. When people overeat certain types of food the deficiency can cause cracks at corners of mouth, impaired growth, mental confusion and eyes sensitive to light. Deficiency to Vitamin C could cause bleeding gums, sore joints, increased infections and easily bruised.Toxicity among the two vitamins can cause diarrhea, bloating, kidney stones, abnormal liver function and irritability. In some cases Vitamin C has the power to diminish the threat of different types of cancer, heart disease and cataracts. Vitamin C serves as an antioxidant as it can fight off infections they may cause harm to our bodies. References Leopold, D. C. (2010, December). Vitamin and Lifestyle Guide. Retrieved from http://webmd. com/vitamins Grosvenor, M. B. , & Smolin, L. A. (2006). Nutrition: Everyday choices. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Identifying, Organizing, and Analyzing Your Sources Essay

Each statement below contains a logical fallacy. Identify the fallacy and briefly explain, in one or two sentences, why it is an error in reasoning. 1. Mabel is not qualified to lead the school board because she used to drink liquor in her 20s. †¢ Ad hominem: committed by attacking the person who’s making an argument, rather than the argument itself. One of the most common fallacies, it is a direct attack on a person’s character rather than focusing on his or her arguments. Stating that Mabel used to drink that why she is not qualified it a person attack. 2. A child can be either an athlete or a good student. †¢ Either/Or: An oversimplification that assumingly reduces several alternatives to a mere binary opposition, basically means you only have two choices. You only have two choices of being a athlete or a good student. You can choose to be bad student if you wanted. 3. Any change in health care will lead to socialism; we don’t want to live in a socialist country, so we can’t reform health care. †¢ Slippery Slope (Bad Precedent): assuming that a proposed step will set off an uncontrollable chain of undesirable events. Changing health will lead to socialism is an extreme statement. 4. All teenagers text while they drive; therefore, we should raise the driving age to 21. †¢ Hasty Generalization: drawing conclusions from too little of evidence and often relying on stereotypes. Say all teenager text and drive, well some teenager don’t have a car and/or a cell phone. 5. If we don’t all drive hybrid cars, the world will end in the next decade because of environmental damage. †¢ Slippery Slope (Bad Precedent): assuming that a proposed step will set off an uncontrollable chain of undesirable events. That an extreme statement stating that the world will end because we’ll don’t drive hybrid. 6. Senator Range has been seen entering a strip club; therefore, his economic reforms are not plausible. †¢ Ad hominem: committed by attacking the person who’s making an argument, rather than the argument itself. One of the most common fallacies, it is a direct attack on a person’s character rather than focusing on his or her arguments. In this case strip club makes the senator economic reform wrong it a personal attack, degrading his character which will degrade his reforms as mediocre  or of no value to the public. 7. Everyone else is getting rid of TV, so we should too. †¢ Bandwagon: Just because everyone is doing it doesn’t make it right. We used to think that our planet was flat. 8. Because of the recent shootings in schools and theaters, we can conclude that these are inherently dangerous places that need more regulation. †¢ Begging the Question: an argument is held to be true because of practical truths and common sense. Common sense is sometimes correct, but all too many times all too commonly incorrect. 9. If you want a successful child, you should enroll him or her in as many early learning classes as possible. †¢ Creating false needs: emotional proof appeals to what people value and think they need. Advertisers often create a false sense of need in order to sell a product. 10. Music education is useless because it just teaches kids how to play music. †¢ Begging the question: restating the premise in the conclusion rather than disproving. Choose your answers from these eight fallacies. Note: Some of these will be used more than once. †¢ Begging the question †¢ Either-or †¢ Slippery slope †¢ Ad hominem †¢ Creating false needs †¢ Red herring †¢ Hasty generalization †¢ Bandwagon