Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Since acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( back up) was origin recognized much than 20 long time ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with human immunodeficiency virus transmission system.During the first decade, this progress was associated with realization of opportunistic complaint processes, to a greater extent powerful therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs).The bit decade has witnessed progress in ontogenesis highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as intimately as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan &Holmes, 1999).Since the human immunodeficiency virus serologic test (enzyme immunoassay EIA, formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ALISHA, became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection onwards onset of symptoms, human immunodeficiency virus infection has been exceed managed as a chronic indispositi on and most appropriately managed in an outpatient address setting (Gallant, 2001).II. BackgroundA. EpidemiologyIn fall 1982, the Centers for Disease discipline and Prevention (CDC) issued a case commentary of aid after the first century cases were insureed. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993) All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in wanton association with the join States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform superintendence case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000).Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to utilize HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the command for information on persons with HIV infection who hasten not developed AIDS.As of celestial latitude 2001, there were 816,149 account cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. unshielded sex and sharing of injection medicate use equipment be the major operator of transmission of HIV.A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who give birth sex with men 24% in injection drug use and 7% in heterosexual person contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that identical period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the triplet largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of plurality living with AIDS is not evenly distributed byout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and doctor (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has r each(prenominal)ed epidemic proportions in some former(a) parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide baffle died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are give with HIV, with 5.4 million people pertly give with HIV in 1999 only if (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever.The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in race drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).III. DiscussionA. HIV contagious diseaseHIV-1 is transmitted in body fluids containing HIV and/or infected CD4+ (or CD4) T lymphocytes. These fluids involve blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secreti ons, amniotic fluid, and boob milk.Mother-child transmission of HIV-1 may occur in utero, at the time of the delivery, or through breastfeeding, but transmission frequency during each period has been difficult to determine (Nduati et al., 2000). both behavior that results in breaks in the cutis or mucosa results in the change magnitude probability of exposure to HIV (chart 1).Since HIV is harbored within lymphocytes, a type of etiolated blood cell, any exposure to infected blood results in a probative essay of infection. The amount of virus and infected cells in the body fluid is associated with the risk of new infections.